§14 Lexicon
§14.1 Greetings
Below are common greetings in Pine, and their literal translations.
hello
| daḷḷu (nus), daḷḷu-t (pi/kas) | ‘health (is)’ |
| ikkủ (nus), ikkủ-t (pi/kas) | ‘well (is)’ |
| hikva (nus), hikva-t (pi/kas) | ‘good’ |
| iggus(in) (keggi) | ‘may (the day) be good’ |
| ikkủ tsṃindussin (sg), tsṃinduset (pl) | ‘may you come well’ |
| ikkủ tsakkussin (sg), tsakkuset (pl) | ‘may you be well’ |
hello (answer)
| daḷḷu nả, daḷḷu-t ga | ‘there is health’ |
| ikkủ nả, ikkủ-t ga | ‘(it) is well’ |
| iggus(in) (ga) | ‘may it be good’ |
| iḷḷa(-t ga) | ‘be so’ |
| iḷḷana(-t ga), iḷḷusin | ‘be still so’ |
hi
| daḷḷu | ‘health’ |
| ikkủ, ỉkủ, ỉ(ku)kkủ (nả), ku(-t pi/kas) | ‘well, hi’ |
| kủ (nả), kủkủ, kủ ikkủ, kuikku~kukkủ | ‘well, well-well, hi’ |
| iggus, iggat, iggusin | ‘(may) it be good’ |
| kekvot, keggi | ‘today, day’ |
good-bye (to person leaving)
| issi(-t pi/kas) | ‘well’ |
| issiminussin, issitsṃinussin | ‘walk well’ |
| ƛikka (nus), ƛikka-t (pi/kas) | ‘way (be)’ |
| minna (nus), minna(-t pi/kas) | ‘walk (be)’ |
| iggus(in) ƛikka | ‘way be good’ |
| (iggi)(ts)ƛiggimingussin~(iggi)(ts)ƛiggimingussin | ‘may you find your way well’ |
| issi(ts)ƛiggimingussin~issi(ts)ƛiggimingussin | ‘may you find your way easily’ |
| iggus(in) (kekve)dolla | ‘rest of day be good’ |
good-bye (to person staying)
| issi(-t ga) | ‘well’ | |
| issiminna | (-t ga) | ‘(I) go well) |
| ƛikka(-t ga) | ‘way’ | |
| (ikkủ) (ts)illį(an)ussin (sg), (ts)illį(an)uset (pl) | ‘may you (still) live (well)’ | |
| daḷḷu aḍnat, aḍnus(in) | ‘health stay’ | |
| ikkủ aḍnat, aḍnus(in) | ‘well stay’ | |
| igg(an)us(in) (kekve)dolla | ‘may the rest of the day (still) be good’ | |
| iḷḷ(an)a(-t ga) | ‘it is (still) so’ |
good-bye (answer)
| issi(-t ga) | ‘well’ |
| ƛikka nả | ‘there is a way’ |
| ƛikka-t ga | ‘way’ |
| daḷḷu nả | ‘health is’ |
| daḷḷu-t ga | ‘health’ |
| iggiƛƛiggi(mattava) | ‘I find my way well’ |
| issiƛiggi(mattava) | ‘I find my way easily’ |
| ikkủ gillįa~gillįanna | ‘I live (still) live well’ |
| igg(an)us (ƛikka) | ‘may (the way) be (still) good’ |
| ikkủ naḍnami | ‘it stays well’ |
| iḷḷ(an)a(-t ga) | ‘be it (still) so’ |
| iggus(in) ƛikka | ‘may the way be good’ |
good morning
| daḷḷu (nus, -t pi/kas) hauddot | ‘health be this morning’ |
| hauddot, hauddo(-t pi/kas) | ‘this morning’ |
| ikkủ (nus, -t pi/kas) haudda | ‘may the morning be well’ |
| ikkủ (nus, -t pi/kas) haudda | ‘morning be well’ |
| iggus(in) haudda | ‘morning be good’ |
good morning (answer)
| daḷḷu nả (hauddot), daḷḷu-t tġva hauddot | ‘there is health this morning’ | |
| hauddot, hauddo-t ga | ‘this morning’ | |
| ikkủ nả (haudda), ikkủ-t tġva haudda | ‘well is (the morning)’ | |
| igganassa | , igganus(in) | ‘be still good’ |
| iḷḷ(an)a(-t ga), iḷḷ(an)usin | ‘be it (still) so’ |
good day
| daḷḷu (nus, -t pi/kas) kekvot | ‘health be today’ |
| kekvot, kekvo-t (pi/kas) | ‘today’ |
| iggus(in)~iggat keggi | ‘sun be good’ |
| ikkủ nus keggi | ‘may the day be well’ |
| ikkủ-t (pi/kas) keggi | ‘day be well’ |
| iggus(in), iggat keggi | ‘day be good’ |
good day (answer)
| daḷḷu nả, daḷḷu-t tġva kekvot | ‘there is health today’ |
| kekvot, kekvo-t tġva | ‘today’ |
| (ḥ)igg(an)us(in) (keggi~dalda) | ‘may the day still be good’ |
| igganassa, igganus(in) | ‘be still good’ |
| ḥiḷḷus(in) (keggi) | ‘may the day be so’ |
| iḷḷ(an)at, iḷḷus(in) | ‘be it (still) so’ |
good night
| daḷḷu nus, daḷḷu-t (pi/kas) heyt | ‘health be tonight’ |
| heyt, hey-t (pi/kas) | ‘tonight’ |
| miuḍḍa nus, -t (pi/kas) (giḷḷit) heyt | ‘(early) rest be tonight’ |
| miuḍḍa nus, -t (pi/kas) giḷḷit | ‘rest be early’ |
| (ḥ)iggus(in) hey | ‘may the night be good’ |
| ikkủ nus, -t (pi/kas) hey | ‘may the night be good’ |
| iggus(in), iggat hey | ‘night be well’ |
| ikkủ~giḷḷit miuhas~miuhats (sg), miuhattsut (pl) | ‘rest well/early’ |
| ikkủ~giḷḷit lỏmas~lỏmats (sg), lỏmattsut (pl) | ‘sleep well/early’ |
good night (answer)
| daḷḷu nả, daḷḷu-t tġva heyt | ‘there is health tonight’ | |
| miuḍḍa nả, miuḍḍa-t tġva heyt | ‘there is rest tonight’ | |
| miuḍḍa nả, miuḍḍa-t tġva giḷḷit | ‘there is rest early’ | |
| ḥigganus(in) (hey) | ‘may night still be good’ | |
| igganassa | , igganus(in) | ‘be still good’ |
| ḥiḷḷus(in) (hey) | ‘may night be so’ | |
| iḷḷ(an)at, iḷḷus(in) | ‘be it (still) so’ |
welcome
| iggikvẻvusut (sg), iggikvẻvusun (pl) | ‘may you arrive well’ |
| issikokka, iggikokka | ‘welcome’ |
| issitsṃindussin (sg), issitsṃinduset (pl) | ‘may you come in well’ |
| issimindussin (sg), issiminduset (pl) | ‘may you come in well’ |
| issitsakoggats, issikoggats (sg) | ‘we welcome you’ |
| issitsakoggatṡagi (pl) | ‘we welcome you’ |
enjoy, go ahead
| nįikkussin (sg), nįikkuset (pl) | ‘may (you) take’ |
| atṇedda (sg), atṇetṡin | ‘into your hand’ |
| atṇegetṡin | ‘your hands’ |
please
| eḷḷappi | ‘be so, please’ |
| iḷḷappi | ‘be so, please’ |
| naspi | ‘please’ |
| nappi | ‘please’ |
| eseppi | ‘please’ |
| isippi | ‘please’ |
| aįappi | ‘please’ |
thank you
| itta(t) | ‘thank’ |
| itta-t (pi/kas) | ‘thank be’ |
| ittogi | ‘thanks’ |
| ittava | ‘your thank’ |
| ittavagi | ‘your thanks’ |
| mitṇa itta na | ‘many thank’ |
| itta mitṇoset | ‘thank many times’ |
| tsiddemmat (sg), tsiddemmats (pl) | ‘I thank you’ |
| gitva | ‘I thank’ |
| gidd(ut)oġummen | ‘no thank you’ |
| ittuṡ(ṡa) | ‘no thank you’ |
| iddyt~iddat | ‘no thank you’ |
thank you (answer)
| mỉnitta, miskitta | ‘same thank’ |
| itta nả | ‘there is thank’ |
| itta-t ga | ‘thank’ |
| (ṇ)ittava | ‘(my) thank’ |
| ṇittavagi | ‘my thanks’ |
| itta gitṇal | ‘thank likewise’ |
| ỉddon (pi)giṡṡa | ‘your own thank’ |
| ỉddit (pi)giṡṡagi | ‘your own thanks’ |
excuse me, forgive me
| iggalkussin~iggalkusut | ‘(may you) forgive’ |
| iggalkaįa~iggalkava | ‘(you would) forgive’ |
| iggittsalkussin~iggittsalkusut | ‘you forgive (me)’ |
| iggittsalkaįa~iggittsalkava | ‘you would forgive (me)’ |
| (ts)alkussin~(ts)alkusut | ‘(may you) allow’ |
| galkus | ‘sorry’ |
| giṡṡỉnappi | ‘(please) excuse (me)’ |
| alkappi, alka(t), alkus | ‘sorry’ |
excuse me (answer)
| (oat) stuḥva/nitṇiḳ/keƛka/maġli vu | ‘(not) even an issue’ |
| ủt stuḥva/nitṇiḳ/keƛka/maġli (ủįa~ủn) | ‘(it’s~it was) not an issue’ |
| uṃṃỉn stuḥva/nitṇiḳ/keƛka/maġli | ‘(it’s the last/least) issue’ |
| (ủt) vaḥḥa iggalkukkỏ na (ủįa) | ‘(there is) nothing to forgive’ |
| vaḥḥal | ‘nothing (to forgive)’ |
§14.2 Kinship
Pine kinship terms describe the relationship of family members relative to ‘I’. The Pine kinship system is most similar to the Iroquoian kinship, where same-gender relatives have more specific terms than cross-gender relatives.
The same-gender relatives of one’s parents are derived from the words for mother and father – ṇummava ‘my mother’ but ṇummudda ‘my aunt (mother’s sister)’, and likewise ṇikkava ‘my father’ and ṇikkudda. Pine lacks specific terms for cross-gender relatives of one’s parents. One’s maternal uncle is therefore ỏbman dimmi ‘one’s mother’s brother’ and one’s paternal aunt is ỉkaġan mangi ‘one’s father’s sister’. Likewise, the wife or husband of a cross-gender relative of one’s parents has just a single term – įulgir means both ‘mother’s brother’s wife’ and ‘father’s sister’s husband’. First cousins through same-gender parental siblings are have specific terms: ỏdat ‘child of maternal aunt’ and iktat ‘child of paternal uncle’, but cross-gender parental siblings’ children have no specific term, they are simply įulgera biṡki ‘child of maternal uncle or paternal aunt’.
The terms for siblings only distinguish gender for siblings older than oneself, but one set of terms is used with local arguments (ġaġavi ‘my/your older brother’ and sasa ‘my/your older sister’) and the other with non-local arguments (dimmi ‘older brother (usually not mine or yours and mangi ‘older sister (usually not mine or yours)’. The term dimmi or ġaġavi means ‘older brother’ and mangi or sasa ‘older sister’, but inuġa means ‘younger sibling of the same sex’, while nanuġa means ‘younger sibling of the opposite sex’. The terms dimmuts~dimis or ġaġuts~ġaġis ‘little brother’ and manguts~mangis or sasuts~sasis ‘little sister’ are also used regardless of the gender of the person, but these should be used carefully as they imply a good deal of familiarity. The child of one’s older sister is moggir regardless of gender, and likewise the child of one’s older brother is bistut, regardless of gender. The child of one’s younger sibling is lildit, regardless of either the sibling’s or the child’s gender. Finally, silgir refers to any member of the family of a child’s wife or husband.
| ỏnnuįįuḳ ‘greatgrandmother’ | ỏttṡuttṡuḳ ‘great grandfather’ | ||||
| ủmaġan unaḳ ‘mother’s father’ | nuįįuḳ ‘mother’s mother’ | tṡuttṡuḳ ‘father’s father’ | ỉkaġan unaḳ ‘father’s mother’ | ||
| ủmaġan dimmi ‘mother’s brother’ | ummut ‘mother’s sister’ | ṇummava ‘my mother’ ummaġan ‘mother’ umma~ummu ‘mum’ | ṇikkava ‘my father’ ikkaġan ‘father’ igga ‘dad’ | ikkut ‘father’s brother’ | ỉkaġan mangi ‘father’s sister’ |
| (ủmaġan) įulgir ‘mother’s brother’s wife’ | įulpṃut ‘mother’s sister’s husband’ | gami ‘I’ | giṡmir ‘father’s brother’s wife’ | (ỉkaġan) įulgir ‘father’s sister’s husband’ | |
| įulgera bỉṡki ‘child of maternal uncle’ | ỏdat ‘child of maternal aunt’ | iktat ‘child of paternal uncle’ | įulgera bỉṡki ‘child of paternal aunt’ | ||
| inuġa ‘same gender younger sibling’ sasis, sasuts ‘(local) younger sister’ | mangi ~ sasa ‘older sister’ | dimmi ~ ġaġavi ‘older brother’ | nanuġa ‘cross-gender younger sibling’ ġaġis, ġaġuts ‘(local) younger brother’ | ||
| lildit ‘younger sibling’s child’ | moggir ‘older sister’s child’ | minda , tavi ‘daughter’ | bįuḷḷu, nenut ‘son’ | bistut ‘older brother’s child’ | lildit ‘younger sibling’s child’ |
| bỉṡkuts ‘husband’s or wifer’s younger sibling’ | |||||
| silgir ‘husband’s or wife’s older sibling’ | |||||
Other terms include hemiplural nouns in -inga ⟫ -inut (same gender), -ananga ⟫ -anunit (cross-gender) and -unga ⟫ -unit (no gender specification).
| ikkinga | ⟫ | ỉkinut | ‘father and son(s)’ |
| ikkananga | ⟫ | ỉkanunit | ‘father and daughter(s)’ |
| umminga | ⟫ | ủminut | ‘mother and daughter(s)’ |
| ummananga | ⟫ | ủmanunit | ‘mother and son(s)’ |
| manginga/sasunga | ⟫ | moakninut/soassunit | ‘sisters’ |
| dimminga/ġaġinga | ⟫ | dỉminut/ġảġġinyt | ‘brothers’ |
| nananga | ⟫ | noadnunit | ‘brothers and sisters, siblings’ |
| nuįįunga | ⟫ | nủįunit | ‘grandmother and grandchild(ren)’ |
| tṡuttṡunga | ⟫ | tṡủtṡunit | ‘grandfather and grandchild(ren)’ |
| unakvunga | ⟫ | ủdnakvunit | ‘grandparent(s) and grandchild(ren)’ |
| iktinga | ⟫ | ỉġtinut | ‘male cousin (through father’s brother) |
| iktananga | ⟫ | ỉġtanunit | ‘female cousin (through father’s brother) |
| ỏdinga | ⟫ | eůttinyt | ‘female cousin (through mother’s sister) |
| ỏdananga | ⟫ | ỏttanunit | ‘male cousin (through mother’s sister) |
| įulgunga | ⟫ | įuolkkunit | ‘cousin (cross-gender parental sibling)’ |
§14.3 Weather
Below is a list of terms related to weather in Pine.
| sun | dalda | ⟫ | dảltten |
| moon | gassi | ⟫ | goakse |
| sky | kvauġa | ⟫ | kvayġġen |
| cloud | kvoḷḷu | ⟫ | kvůaƛƛi |
| wind | ġveni | ⟫ | ġveudnu |
| rain | siġva | ⟫ | sỉkvo |
| snow (in the air) | opṃis | ⟫ | opṃa |
| snow (on the ground) | piuįįa | ⟫ | pįuoįo |
| snow (fine, new) | niḍġi | ⟫ | nỉġġu |
| snow (icy, frozen) | ġailva | ⟫ | ġảḷvů |
| ice (on lake) | ỷ~ḥỷ | ⟫ | yvvy~ḥyvvy |
| ice (floating) | ytsƛy | ⟫ | ỷsƛůn |
| ice (on ground) | ḥvus | ⟫ | ḥva |
| ice (at sea) | haƛṇa | ⟫ | hảltṇi |
irkva
| ‘dry (and intense) cold, usually in early winter before the first snowfall, characterised by rime and frost | on the ground and in trees but without snow on the ground’ |
teḷḷyt
| ‘completely still and warm or cool weather in the evening or night with humidity or mist, especially | such that odors seem enhanced and sound muffled’ |
lenkkami
‘sunny but cold weather with a northern wind’
eůhůt
| ‘bright but cloudy weather where it can be difficult to see due to light refraction, often caused by low | clouds’ |
ninttami
‘time of the day when the sun has set but it’s still possible to see clearly (or ‘count’) without light’
fog, mist and drizzle
tattsa(mi)
‘fog on the water, usually in still weather, especially in the summer’
vabnatka or vabnuvu
‘thick fog, such that visibility is low’
attṡoġa
‘heavy fog in intense cold over water’
skoġmu
‘fog, especially with drizzle or in otherwise wet and overcast weather’
kiḥris
‘fog over snow or in winter’
ḷitġu
‘fog which is not found on the ground, fog up in the mountains’
uṛṛu
‘fine mist, fog or drizzle’
lutṃu
‘fine drizzle, fine rain, mist’
kotta
‘drizzle, heavier than lutṃu’
rain
siġva
‘rain’
tolġun
‘heavy rain with heavy winds, especially in cold weather’
įiḷḷa
‘light rain’
kaillįa
‘showers, intermittent rain’
lỷts
‘heavy sleet that accumulates on the ground’
murtṇi
‘sleet, frozen rain’
saġtu
‘hail, hailstorm’
rakƛaġa
‘sudden hail’
wind
ġveni
‘wind’
loigga
‘breeze, slight wind’
ḷurpṃi
‘wind that barely makes leaves move’
koṡṡivu
‘windy weather, strong winds’
nannin
‘very strong wind, gail wind’
nįittsi
‘wind storm, storm’
kirtṡu
‘very cold wind’
beuġvas
‘northern wind’
tṡyltṡy
‘southern wind’
hỏƛġvumi
‘warm wind’
nįiṡtuḳ
‘wind from the sea’
vittṡas
‘wind and snow’
hỉn
‘still weather, complete absence of wind’
§14.4 Anatomy
Below is a list of anatomic terms in Pine.
| body | illįekvi | ⟫ | ỉlįit |
| body part | illįekvenekni | ⟫ | illįekvineungon |
| head | ṇukva | ⟫ | ṇůegvi |
| face | nỉƛa | ⟫ | nįaḷḷon |
| (single) hair | hiri | ⟫ | hỉrru |
| hair | hiṡki | ⟫ | hỉktṡu |
| forehead | ilimi | ⟫ | ỉllin |
| brow | ilir | ⟫ | ilera |
| eyebrows | husṇegi | ⟫ | puosṇut |
| eye | skenni | ⟫ | skeudnu |
| eyes | skenekvi | ⟫ | skeġvut |
| eyelid | gỉġmi | ⟫ | gįakṃon |
| eyelash | gigir | ⟫ | gigera |
| iris | guottsal, kasta | ⟫ | guottsoƛa, kảsti |
| pupil | guottsal, guḍki | ⟫ | guottsoƛa, gvuotske |
| nose | ṇįirra | ⟫ | ṇįỉron |
| nostril | pỉtsits | ⟫ | pỉtseva |
| cheek | ƛikti | ⟫ | ƛỉġtu |
| mouth | gukṇi | ⟫ | gvuoġne |
| lip | yvvyt | ⟫ | yvvůn |
| tongue | tġakti | ⟫ | tġoaġten |
| tooth | noaltta | ⟫ | nảlten |
| incisor | moivuts | ⟫ | moivoha |
| canine | skayk | ⟫ | skayggůn |
| premolar | gagvuts | ⟫ | gagvoha |
| molar | ṡitġat | ⟫ | ṡỉġġava |
| gum | ỷƛƛyr | ⟫ | ỷƛƛůra |
| uvula | giṡṡimi | ⟫ | gỉṡin |
| throat | naġġa | ⟫ | nảġi |
| chin | ůṡtůt | ⟫ | ůṡtů |
| jaw | tuġama, nulumi | ⟫ | dvuoġġun, nuollun |
| ear | passin | ⟫ | pasima |
| ears | paski | ⟫ | paskut, paktsut |
| earlobe | paskevulma | ⟫ | paskevůeƛṃi |
| temple | ulkkoskenni | ⟫ | ulkkoskeudnu |
| temples | ulkkogi | ⟫ | vůelkit |
| back of the head | naġpi | ⟫ | noaġpe |
| neck (back) | guḷḷi | ⟫ | gvuoḷe |
| neck (front) | riġva | ⟫ | rỉkvo |
| torso | nįuġtomi | ⟫ | nįuoktun |
| chest | aggi, ulkku | ⟫ | oaken, vůelken |
| breast | nįiḍḍi, tṡulmi | ⟫ | nįỉhon, tṡ(v)uolpṃen |
| nipple | ubbit | ⟫ | ubben |
| stomach, belly | moikku, tetṇu | ⟫ | můaiggi, teiṇṇon |
| navel | puoḍḍus | ⟫ | puoḍḍa |
| shoulder | piġġut | ⟫ | piġġon |
| clavicula | duggįu | ⟫ | důekki |
| arm, hand | atṇa | ⟫ | ảṇṇen |
| armpit | oppatṇogi | ⟫ | oppảṇṇit |
| upper arm | kartṇiatṇa | ⟫ | kartṇiảṇṇen |
| humerus | kartṇi | ⟫ | koarne |
| forearm | lůnga | ⟫ | leůkni |
| ulnar | lůngůryt | ⟫ | lůngůrůn |
| radius | lůngůtsyt | ⟫ | lůngůtsůn |
| elbow | nįylppy | ⟫ | nįỷlpůn |
| back of elbow | nįỷlpůnůlnįůn | ⟫ | nỷlpůnůƛṇįůma |
| wrist | nįirƛƛi | ⟫ | nįỉrƛon |
| finger | tsaġla | ⟫ | tsảkƛi |
| thumb | kullis | ⟫ | kuḷḷa |
| index finger | aimyts | ⟫ | aimůha |
| middle finger | idnįis | ⟫ | itṇįa |
| ring finger | liṡnami | ⟫ | lỉtṡnun, lỉntṡun |
| little finger | mimi | ⟫ | mỉbmon |
| palm | aḷḷuḷa | ⟫ | oaƛƛul |
| fist | koskvin | ⟫ | kokts(v)ema |
| knuckle | kussut | ⟫ | kusson |
| phalange | aik | ⟫ | aiggůn |
| shoulder blade | enttṡin | ⟫ | entṡema |
| back | pimmik | ⟫ | pimmeġa |
| lowerback | pimmiġpakvi | ⟫ | pimmiġpoagve |
| bottom, butt | ḥutsi | ⟫ | ḥvuottse |
| waist | rįiudni | ⟫ | rįuonnon |
| hip | kirkni | ⟫ | kỉrgnu |
| hips | ủttsasṃi | ⟫ | ủtsas |
| hip bone | ỷlda | ⟫ | veylttůn |
| groin | nappal, nappan | ⟫ | nappoƛa, naḍvama |
| thigh | ủtat | ⟫ | vuottava |
| lap | dusṃa | ⟫ | důesṃen |
| penis | nahhįi | ⟫ | noahįe |
| foreskin | goka | ⟫ | gvůakken |
| scrotum | gangas | ⟫ | ganga |
| vulva | uskur | ⟫ | uskora |
| vagina | įarįit | ⟫ | įarįen |
| cervix | mỉdnįusnaġġa | ⟫ | mỉdnįusnảġi |
| womb, uterus | minnįuskva | ⟫ | mỉdnįus |
| ovary | nįalpebakvi | ⟫ | nįalpeboagve |
| ovule | sṇảdnis | ⟫ | sṇảtṇa |
| fallopian tube | sṇảdniskelguts | ⟫ | sṇảdniskelgoha |
| testicle | tevvinis | ⟫ | tevvitṇa |
| semen | minnįulga | ⟫ | mỉdnįul |
| sperm | ilįusƛa | ⟫ | ỉllįus |
| prostate | minnįetaƛṇis | ⟫ | minnįetaƛṇa, -taltṇa |
| anus | olvat, aṡkus | ⟫ | olvon, aṡka |
| coccyx, tailbone | loal | ⟫ | loaḷḷỏ |
| leg, foot | tavvan, pallu | ⟫ | tavama, pảli |
| lap | spukku | ⟫ | spůeggi |
| knee | gản, toarin | ⟫ | gevvama, toarrema |
| knee cap | dvảr | ⟫ | dvảṛṛen |
| back of knee | dvảrůlnįůn, toarenůlnįůn | ⟫ | dvảrůƛṇįůma, toarenůƛṇįůma |
| upper leg | diltsetavvan | ⟫ | diltsetavama |
| femur | diltsi | ⟫ | dỉlttson |
| lower leg | hįattatavvan | ⟫ | hįattatavama |
| shin | hįatta | ⟫ | hįảddi |
| calf | dahin | ⟫ | dahhema~daḍḍema |
| ankle | ḥamas | ⟫ | ḥama |
| foot bridge | antṡal | ⟫ | antṡoƛa |
| toe | pudni | ⟫ | buonne |
| arch of foot | ṇįihhįi | ⟫ | ṇįỉhįu |
| tip of toe | pudneṇįihhįi | ⟫ | pudneṇįỉhįu |
| organ | illįil | ⟫ | illįeƛa |
| skin | ṇulka, ṇulki | ⟫ | ṇůelkken, ṇuolkken |
| muscle | rikvi | ⟫ | rỉgvu |
| sinew | tirįit | ⟫ | tirįen |
| bone | kikta | ⟫ | kỉġton |
| skull | taƛƛami | ⟫ | toaḷḷun |
| brain | sġvỉ, ikavi | ⟫ | sġvivvi, ỉkkả |
| trachea | ḷįaḍvu | ⟫ | ḷįảtvi |
| oesophagus | kuiġal | ⟫ | kuiġoƛa |
| lung | salpṃi | ⟫ | soalmen |
| diaphragm | siksava | ⟫ | sỉssả |
| stomach | ragga | ⟫ | rảkki |
| duodenum | nįůlgůnis | ⟫ | nįůlgůtṇa |
| intestine | bisƛi | ⟫ | bỉtsƛu |
| colon | bisƛista | ⟫ | bỉtsƛis |
| liver | suġuva | ⟫ | suoġġủ |
| heart | sulgi | ⟫ | suolkken |
| blood | sullut, ama, amaįa | ⟫ | sullon, ảbmen, ảbmả |
| pancreas | kilkin | ⟫ | kilkkema |
| spleen | timpi | ⟫ | tỉmppu |
| gallbladder | roklin | ⟫ | roġlema |
| kidney | tabbi, tekunis | ⟫ | toape, tekutṇa |
| bladder | taƛusṃi | ⟫ | toaƛƛus |
| thymus | iltsul | ⟫ | iltsoƛa |
Verbs related to the body:
Head/Face:
| riskittan skeġvut | ‘s/he blinks’ | riskiθ- | vat | |
| ruƛka ilera | ‘s/he frowns’ | ruƛk- | vat | |
| tvaugguttugan | ‘s/he grimaces’ | vaugg-uttug- | vadia | |
| daggan | ‘s/he nods’ | dagg- | vai | |
| įarpṃan | ‘s/he pouts’ | įarpṃ- | vai | |
| tṃuhhan | ‘s/he sighs’ | muhh- | vai | |
| tṃaivvan | ‘s/he smiles’ | maivv- | vai | |
| durdan | ‘s/he snarls’ | durd- | vai | |
| giddalkan | ‘s/he stares’ | gidd-alk- | va | |
| lalkihan skeġvut | ‘s/he winks’ | lalk-iθ- | vat | |
| kinƛan skeġvut | ‘s/he squints’ | kinƛ- | vat | |
| tsemppỉgan skeġvut | ‘s/he opens her/his eyes wide’ | tsemppỉg- | vat | |
| ṛįůknedan skeġvut | ‘s/he rolls her/his eyes’ | ṛįůkned- | vat | |
| giittitta | ‘s/he glances at it’ | gitt-iθ- | vat | |
| tsigga | ‘s/he hears it’ | sigg- | va | |
| piska | ‘s/he listens to it’ | pisk- | va | |
| tsilka | ‘s/he smells it’ | silk- | vat | |
| tsilkaƛƛa | ‘s/he sniffs it’ | silk-aƛƛ- | vat | |
| mimiuhan | ‘s/he inhales’ | mi-miuḍ- | va | |
| gimiuhan | ‘s/he exhales’ | gi-miuḍ- | va | |
| staįippan | ‘s/he sneezes’ | taį-ipp- | vui | |
| taįodan | ‘s/he blows her nose’ | taį-od- | vai | |
| sġilttṡan | ‘s/he has a stuffy nose’ | ġilttṡ- | vai.adj (ġiltṡiṡ) | |
| silkiḷḷa | ‘s/he catches a whiff of it’ | silk-iḷḷ- | vut | |
| siƛƛaįa | ‘s/he detects its smell’ | siƛƛaį- | vut | |
| tṃauġtan | ‘s/he snorts’ | ṃauġt- | vai/vui | |
| ƛủlan | ‘s/he talks’ | ḷủl- | vai | |
| ƛủbma | ‘s/he speaks it’ | lủbm- | vat | |
| tsiġġa | ‘s/he chews it’ | siġġ- | vat | |
| tġakka | ‘s/he swallows it’ | ġakk- | vat | |
| tṃakta | ‘s/he tastes it’ | ṃakt- | vat | |
| sṃakta | ‘s/he detects its taste’ | ṃakt- | vut | |
| tṃuttsoga | ‘s/he sucks it’ | muttsog- | vat | |
| kuolan | ‘s/he suckles’ | kuol- | aii | |
| gitesta | ‘s/he spits it out’ | gi-tets- | vat | |
| ƛadnįa, kẻka | ‘s/he licks it’ | ƛadnį-/kẻk- | vat | |
| ƛaskva | ‘s/he bites it’ | ḷaskv- | vat | |
| tṇaġƛan | ‘s/he gargles’ | naġƛ- | vai | |
| ṛuikkįandan nảltit | ‘s/he brushes her/his teeth’ | ṛuikkįand- | vat | |
| kviltṇįỉgan nảltit | ‘s/he flosses’ | kviltṇįỉg- | vat | |
| ƛįammodan nảltit | ‘s/he grinds her/his teeth’ | ḷįammod- | vt | |
| ƛeůlůttůgan | ‘s/he sticks out her/his tongue’ | leůlůttůg- | vat | |
| tṡuṡṡuran | ‘s/he whispers’ | ṡuṡṡur- | vai | |
| pauskuttugan | ‘s/he turns her/his head’ | pausk- | vai | |
| dagg(itt)an | ‘s/he nods’ | dagg(iθ)- | vai | |
| kankkv(itt)an | ‘s/he shakes her/his head’ | kankkv(iθ)- | vai | |
| tṇůkkůttůgan | ‘s/he arches her/his neck’ | nůkk-ůttůg- | vam | |
| pitṇeda ṇůegvi | ‘s/he tilts his/her head’ | pitṇed(ůttůg)- | vat | |
| piġġittan | ‘s/he shrugs’ | piġġiθ- | vai | |
| tarttṡan | ‘s/he is hunched’ | arttṡ- | vat | |
| kukuman | ‘s/he waves’ | kukum- | va | |
| paġp(itt)an | ‘s/he claps’ | paġp(iθ) | - | vai |
| tilġet, tiḷḷeget | ‘s/he hugs her/him’ | ilġ-, iḷḷeg- | vat | |
| daspisset, tsƛvadet | ‘s/he punches her/him’ | dasp-iθ-, sƛvad- | vat | |
| tṇįikka, kinga | ‘s/he grabs it’ | nįikk-, king- | vat | |
| tṇiṡa, tsekka | ‘s/he holds it’ | niṡ-, sekk- | vat | |
| takkoga | ‘s/he points at it’ | takkog- | vat | |
| tṃiṡta | ‘s/he touches it’ | miṡt- | vat | |
| tṡuġġina | ‘s/he massages it’ | įuġġin- | vat | |
| ṛadda | ‘s/he scratches it’ | ṛadd- | vat | |
| miṛulga | ‘s/he folds it’s | mi-ṛulg- | vat | |
| ƛaġp(aƛƛ)an | ‘s/he gestures’ | laġp(aƛƛ)- | vai | |
| tṃiuhan | ‘s/he breathes’ | miuḍ- | vai | |
| giġvinnuƛami | ‘it expands’ | gi-ġvinnuƛ- | vui | |
| mibinnuƛami | ‘it contracts’ | mi-binnuƛ- | vui | |
| tṃuhhan | ‘s/he sighs’ | muhh- | vai | |
| sġukṡittan | ‘s/he coughs’ | hukṡiθ- | vui | |
| kukturiskan | ‘s/he hiccups’ | kukturisk- | vui | |
| tṡiṡkitṇa | ‘s/he clasps/grabs it’s | tṡiṡkitṇ- | vat | |
| tapṃet, tilġet | ‘s/he embraces/hugs her/him’ | apṃ-, ilġ- | vat | |
| ṃatṡulttṡaniƛami suolkken | ‘her/his heart beats’ | tṡulttṡan- | vui | |
| ṃasulkkamiƛami suolkken | ‘her/his heart pumps’ | sulkkam- | vui | |
| ṃavalkaniƛami suolkken | ‘her/his heart races’ | valkan- | vui | |
| ṃalliġƛuviƛami suolkken | ‘her/his heart flutters’ | alliġƛuθ- | vui | |
| ṃakungildiƛami suolkken | ‘her/his heart is throbbing’ | kungild- | vui | |
| ṃurturƛiġiƛami suolkken | ‘her/his heart palpitates’ | urturƛiġ- | vui | |
| soġtoda | ‘s/he digests it’ | soġtod- | vut | |
| tṃigva | ‘s/he eats it’s | migv- | va | |
| tsinta | ‘s/he drinks it’s | tsint- | va | |
| spaġpiġan | ‘s/he burps’ | baġpiġ- | vui | |
| nả ḷeyttimmyt įo | ‘s/he is bloated’ | ḷuota | ‘gas’ | |
| sulliran | ‘s/he is nauseated’ | ullir- | vui | |
| ṃanisṇami rảkki | ‘s/he has stomach cramps’ | niṡn- | vut | |
| ṃaḷįurgildami rảkki | ‘her/his stomach is growling’ | lįurgild- | vui | |
| tṇįůlga pimmeġa | ‘s/he bends her/his back’ | nįůlg- | vat | |
| gaġna pimmeġa | ‘s/he arches her/his back’ | gaġn- | vat | |
| giṇįukta pimmeġa | ‘s/he stretches her/his back’ | ṇįukt- | vat | |
| sarġoda pimmeġa | ‘s/he straightens her/his back’ | sarġod- | vat | |
| mipiddavan | ‘s/he leans (into)’ | mi·piddav- | vai | |
| tṃinan | ‘s/he walks’ | min- | vai | |
| tiġan | ‘s/he runs’ | iġ- | vai | |
| tġviran | ‘s/he jumps’ | ġvir- | vai | |
| ƛįekka | ‘s/he kicks it’s | lįekk- | vat | |
| tannan | ‘s/he stands, waits’ | tann- | vai | |
| tṇenan | ‘s/he sits’ | nen- | vai | |
| didan | ‘s/he steps’ | did- | vai | |
| kilkuran | ‘s/he stomps, steps heavily’ | kilkur- | vai | |
| kimbaƛƛan | ‘s/he hops’ | kimb-aƛƛ- | vai | |
| tṃannaman | ‘s/he skips’ | mannam- | vai | |
| tuntsan | ‘s/he dances’ | unts- | vai | |
| timisan | ‘s/he crawls’ | imis- | vai | |
| tivvan | ‘s/he climbs’ | ivv- | vai | |
| tṃinẻhan | ‘s/he strolls’ | min-ẻh- | vai |