§13 Derivational Morphology

Pine abounds with suffixes, prefixes and other processes to form new words. Many such derivational strategies are outlined in relevant chapters. This chapter contains a systematic description of the most common derivational strategies used in Pine [...]

§13.1 Nominal Derivational Morphology

-a

Forms action nouns from verbs.

siḷḷuθ-	‘do’	⟫	siƛƛa	‘doing, action, acting’
telk-	‘write’	⟫	telkka	‘writing’
urt-	‘gut’	⟫	urtta	‘gutting’

-apput/-ippyt

Forms nouns related to attitudes or mental states.

ġolġġ-	‘rub’	⟫	ġolġġapput	‘hostility’
humoġat	‘veil’	⟫	humapput	‘denial’
pitṇen	‘leaning on’	⟫	pitṇapput	‘dependence’
nennen	‘friend’	⟫	nennippyt	‘fraternity, philanthropy’

-at

Forms instruments.

ẻḥed-	‘fertilise’	⟫	ẻḥḥat	‘fertiliser’
hupp-	‘call’	⟫	huḍvat	‘telephone’
nalkv-	‘saw’	⟫	nalgvat	‘saw’

-bma

Forms group of people of objects.

migg-	‘go’	⟫	miggibma	‘tour, visit’
ḷinkkas	‘boat’	⟫	ḷinkkabma	‘squadron, group of boats’
maḍḍ-	‘hunt’	⟫	maḍḍibma	‘hunting party’
nennen	‘friend’	⟫	nenibma	‘group of friends’

-bni

Forms mostly plant names or botanical terms.

bevvis	‘bell’	⟫	bevvebni	‘common moonworth’
aṡƛis	‘pollen’	⟫	aṡƛabni	‘stamen’
atṇa	‘hand’	⟫	aṇṇobni	‘rachis, stem’

-det/-dot/-důt

Forms abstract nouns from other nouns, occasionally pronouns.

nennen	‘friend’	⟫	nennedůt	‘friendship’
gitṇa	‘same’	⟫	gitṇedet	‘sameness, similarity’
ikkaġan	‘father’	⟫	ikkedet	‘fatherhood’

-ġa

Forms various abstract nouns or derivatives, often from verbs.

lald-	‘glow’	⟫	laldoġa	‘glow, flash’
ell-	‘grow’	⟫	elloġa~elluġa	‘vegetation’
saikna	‘sound, voice’	⟫	saingoġa	‘music’
siskv-	‘thunder’	⟫	siskoġa	‘shock’

-(e/o)ġis

Forms groups or collectives of things. Such nouns have a sematic form in -(e/o)ġġa.

nůdna	‘wave’	⟫	nůdneġis	‘waves, swell’
kinkkur	‘flat mountain’	⟫	kinkkurġis	‘mountain range’
ƛarka	‘shore’	⟫	ƛarkoġis	‘coast’
ỉl	‘bush’	⟫	ỉlġis	‘thicket, shrubbery’
ṇuokku	‘tree’	⟫	ṇuokkoġis	‘grove’
baƛkni	‘reticulum’	⟫	baƛkneġis	‘network, grid, system’

-(e)ġit/-(o)ġat

Forms groups or collectives of people. Often has corresponding forms in -nan denoting a single member of a group or collective. Such nouns may also be found combined with the infix -(i)m- to form -(i)meġit to indicate that the group or collective are bound together or act towards one another. In a few cases, -(a)ssimeġit may be added to indicate that the group or collective is no longer.

ilg-	‘move, hunt’	⟫	ilgeġit	‘hunting group’
nen-	‘sit’	⟫	(keu)neneġit	‘council, group’
nindas	‘young’	⟫	nindeġit	‘youths’
harttsi	‘warrior’	⟫	harttsoġat	‘army’
lemb-	‘work’	⟫	lembimeġit	‘coworkers, crew’
maḍḍ-	‘hunt’	⟫	maḍḍassimeġit	‘group who used to hunt/fish together’

-ġma

Forms various abstract (action) nouns or derivatives, often from verbs.

bįodn-	‘play’	⟫	bįodnaġma	‘humor’
illį-	‘live’	⟫	illįaġma	‘life, living’
iṡk-	‘start’	⟫	iṡkaġma	‘initiative, ambition’
tekk-	‘meet’	⟫	tekkaġma	‘meeting, contact’

-ha

Forms places where something occurs or where the base root can be found.

tṡẻlġġ-	‘cook’	⟫	tṡẻlġġuha	‘kitchen’
aiṡṡi	‘star’	⟫	aiṡṡůha	‘space, universe’
mįutṇ-uƛ-	‘slow down’	⟫	mįutṇuha	‘place in river where current is slow(er)’

-hit/-hut/-hyt

Forms abstract nouns from bisyllabic adjectives that end in a vowel or -t, as well as from adjectives in -sken/-skon/-skůn.

iḷḷa	‘nice, beautiful’	⟫	iḷḷůhyt	‘niceness, beauty’
tammet	‘big’	⟫	tammohut	‘size’
aįi	‘clear’	⟫	aįohut	‘clarity’

-hhit/-hhut/-hhyt

Forms abstract nouns from adjectives ending in consonants (other than -t, usually based on the sematic form) or monosyllabic adjectives.

tṡey	‘cold’	⟫	tṡeyhhůt	‘coldness, cold’
ṃuoįįu	‘warm’	⟫	ṃuohhut	‘warmth’
sintinuṡ	‘dusty’	⟫	sintinottṡohhut	‘dustiness’

-įan

Forms a location where something typically occurs or where something is done.

lỏm-	‘sleep’	⟫	lỏmaįan	‘bedroom’
aįaƛƛ-	‘study’	⟫	aįaįan	‘school’
saƛƛaƛƛ-	‘fish’	⟫	saƛƛaįan	‘fishing spot, place to fish’
migv-	‘eat’	⟫	migvaįan	‘restaurant’

-(į)at

Forms nouns denoting places or areas characterised by the root word.

pỉƛƛa	‘pine’	⟫	pỉƛƛaįat	‘pine forest’
hilpṃi	‘field’	⟫	hilpṃeįat	‘plane, area with a lot of open fields’
ƛarka	‘seashore’	⟫	ƛarkaįat	‘coast’
oįula	‘birch’	⟫	oįuįat	‘birch forest’
tunkvi	‘dense’	⟫	tunkvat	‘city’

-kvi

Forms abstract or system collectives or derivatives.

kissit	‘muscle’	⟫	kissikvi	‘structure, skeleton’
illį-	‘live’	⟫	illįukvi	‘extended family’
nesk-	‘ask’	⟫	neskukvi	‘interrogation, challenge, question’
gemmi	‘mind’	⟫	gemmikvi	‘state of mind, emotion’

-lba

Forms botanical terms, flowers and plants.

tsikva	‘white’	⟫	tsikvalba	‘wood anemone’
skiggut	‘yellow’	⟫	skiggilba	‘meadow buttercup’
gakna	‘net’	⟫	gangalba	‘vine’

-ḷḷa

Forms (often technical or specialised) resultatives of translative verbs.

stiḍḍ-uƛ-	‘get injured’	⟫	stiḍḍuḷḷa	‘lesion, injury’
ƛikn-uƛ-	‘turn out’	⟫	ƛiknuḷḷa	‘revelation, epiphany’
nakṇ-uƛ-	‘break’	⟫	nakṇuḷḷa	‘bone fracture’
pỉƛƛ-uƛ-	‘flush’	⟫	pỉƛƛuḷḷa	‘hematoma’

-ƛƛu~-ƛƛy

Forms approbative diminutives (often of people).

hỉbma	‘love’	⟫	hỉmuƛƛu	‘darling, lover, boyfriend, girlfriend’
kyƛƛy	‘bell, flower’	⟫	kyƛƛyƛƛy	‘little girl, small flower’
bįuḷḷu	‘boy’	⟫	bįuƛƛuƛƛu	‘little boy’

-ma

Forms objects and tools, typically from verbs. It is not very productive.

rủv-	‘burn’	⟫	rủvuma	‘burn, blister’
tṡvaiḍḍ·iġƛuθ-	‘evaporate’	⟫	tṡvaiḍḍama	‘condensation, dew’
pỷkn-	‘swell’	⟫	pỷknama	‘swelling, edema’

-(m)mi

Forms derivatives related to natural materials, especially leather or hides.

vỏskvis	‘male elk’	⟫	vỏskvummi	‘male elk hide’
giṡkin	‘salmon’	⟫	gỉktṡummi	‘salmon hide’
luṡnu	‘Ganoderma’	⟫	lůṡmi	‘amadou’

-na

Forms places or objects. It is not very productive.

rekk-	‘open’	⟫	reknuna	‘opening, dilation’
biugg-	‘be visible’	⟫	biugguna	‘obvious spot’
mįutṇ-	‘be calm’	⟫	mįutṇuna	‘place where river slows down’

-nan

Forms nouns describing members or parts of a group.

ilg-	‘move’	⟫	ilginan	‘member (of hunting group)’
nen-	‘sit’	⟫	(keu)neninan	‘(fellow) member’
nindas	‘young’	⟫	nindanan	‘youth, young person’

-nga

Forms nouns describing groups of people with some relation to each other.

nennen	‘friend’	⟫	nennenga	‘friends (amongst themselves)’
dimmu	‘brother’	⟫	dimminga	‘brothers (to each other)’
mangi	‘sister’	⟫	manginga	‘sisters (to each other)’

-nin

Forms objects or containers or places for a specific purpose.

alda	‘book’	⟫	alnin	‘bookshelf, book case’
ḷįeḍḍ-	‘boil’	⟫	ḷįeḍḍenin	‘kettle’
tsaƛƛa	‘water’	⟫	tsaƛƛenin	‘bottle, flask, jug’

-(a/u)įa

Forms nouns denoting smells.

tṡẻlġġa	‘cook’	⟫	tṡẻlġġuįa	‘smell of cooking’
rủv-	‘burn’	⟫	rủįįa	‘smell of fire, smoke’
uṃṃot	‘fish (meat)’	⟫	uṃṃaįa	‘fishy smell’
iįįu	‘resin’	⟫	iįįuįa	‘smell of resin’

-sat

Common plant or botanical derivative.

dalda	‘sun’	⟫	daldasat	‘golden root’
ỉski	‘woman’	⟫	iskusat	‘lady’s mantle’
nįobba	‘beard’	⟫	nįubbusat	‘thistle’

-ssun/-ssin

Various biological, anatomical or natural terms, often surfaces.

ṇulki	‘skin’	⟫	ṇulkussun	‘membrane’
ṇukva	‘head’	⟫	ṇukkussun	‘scalp’
tsaƛƛa	‘water’	⟫	tsaƛussun	‘bladder’

-sut/-sit

Forms nouns denoting liquids.

aįi	‘clear’	⟫	aįisit	‘drinkable, potable water’
illįa	‘life’	⟫	ilįusut	‘semen’
kunna	‘oak’	⟫	kunnusut	‘spirit, strong alcohol’
mieṡki	‘flame’	⟫	mieṡkasit	‘plasma’

-tṇa

Forms nouns indicating half of a whole or pair, or types of soil.

baltṡa	‘below’	⟫	baltotṇa	‘bottom half’
hilla	‘above’	⟫	hillotṇa	‘upper half’
atṇa	‘hand’	⟫	atṇotṇa	‘single glove/mitten’
tsuokka	‘(tree) needle’	⟫	tsuokkutṇa	‘soil covered in needles’
sƛikka	‘mud’	⟫	sƛikkutṇa	‘muddy soil’

-ttṡa

Forms types of meat.

sukƛu	‘whale’	⟫	sukƛottṡa	‘whale meat’
kaltṡin	‘elk’	⟫	kaltṡettṡa	‘elk meat’
kvaubmis	‘bear’	⟫	kvaubmettṡa	‘bear meat’

-ava/-uva

General derivative, often found in abstract action nouns or result nouns.

anikki	‘roe’	⟫	anuva	‘trout’
dirƛƛ-	‘sway’	⟫	dirƛava	‘fluctuation’
ġolġġ-	‘rub’	⟫	ġolġuva	‘friction’